Breastfeeding Archives.
Inadequate diet for breastfeeding mother can hurt the ability to take care of both mother and baby. Breastfeeding moms who eat less than 1500 to 1800 calories per day. The United States is the only major cigarette market in the world in which the percentage of women smoking cigarettes (22%) comes close to the number.
Today is a Great Day to Quit. Your first day without cigarettes can be difficult. Human babies are in ketosis. Soon after birth, human babies are in ketosis, and remain so while breastfeeding. They use ketones and fats for energy and for brain growth. When breastfeeding mothers and formula feeding mothers lock horns, the result bares likeness to a libyan battleground.
Breastfeeding, Family Physicians Supporting (Position Paper) - - AAFP Policies. Introduction. The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) has long supported breastfeeding. All family physicians, whether or not they provide maternity care, have a unique role in the promotion of breastfeeding. They understand the advantages of family- centered care and are well positioned to provide breastfeeding support in that context. Because they provide comprehensive care to the whole family, family physicians have an opportunity to provide breastfeeding education and support throughout the course of life to all members of the family. History. Throughout most of history, breastfeeding was the norm, with only a small number of infants not breastfed for a variety of reasons.
In the distant past, wealthy women had access to wet nurses, but, with the industrial revolution, this practice declined, as wet nurses found higher- paying jobs. By the late 1. 9th century, infant mortality from unsafe artificial feeding became an acknowledged public health problem. Public health nurses addressed this by promoting breastfeeding and home pasteurization of cows. In the early 2. 0th century, commercial formula companies found a market for artificial baby milks as safer alternatives to cows. During this same period, infant feeding recommendations became the purview of the newly organized medical profession. Partially because of physician support and a vision of .
1 Cigarette A Day Breastfeeding Diet For Weight
An entire generation of women. Despite the resurgence of breastfeeding in the late 2.
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United States, breastfeeding and formula feeding continued to be considered virtually equivalent, representing merely a lifestyle choice parents may make without significant health sequelae. Currently, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that a child breastfeed for at least two years.
The American Academy of Pediatrics, like the AAFP, recommends that all babies, with rare exceptions, be exclusively breastfed for approximately six months and continue breastfeeding with appropriate complementary foods for at least one year. The U. S. Public Health Service. The United States has not yet met its breastfeeding goals. Data published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) show that, in 2. U. S. However, parents may feel less guilt if they have had an opportunity to learn all the pertinent information and can make a fully informed decision. Health Effects. Family physicians should be familiar with the health effects of breastfeeding on women and children. The evidence concerning health effects continues to expand in terms of depth of understanding and quality of research.
It is beyond the scope of this paper to review all of the primary literature. Several systematic review articles that outline the evidence supporting the role of breastfeeding in optimal health outcomes for mothers and children have been published. Because breastfeeding is the physiologic norm, we will refer to the risks of not breastfeeding for infants, children, and mothers. A systematic review of the effects of breastfeeding on maternal and infant health found that for infants in developed countries, not breastfeeding is associated with increased risks of common conditions including acute otitis media; gastroenteritis; atopic dermatitis; and life- threatening conditions including severe lower respiratory infections, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sudden infant death syndrome. The beneficial health effects of breastfeeding persist beyond the period of breastfeeding. A WHO review showed that children who had not been breastfed had higher mean blood pressure, increased risk of type 2 diabetes, increased risk of obesity, and lower scores on intelligence tests. Children who are not breastfed are also at an increased risk of type 1 diabetes, asthma, and childhood leukemia.
The evidence base also supports the importance of six months of exclusive breastfeeding (when compared with four months) as protection against gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract infections, including otitis media and pneumonia. Maternal health outcomes also are affected positively by breastfeeding.
In the short term, the data on postpartum weight loss suggest that the role of breastfeeding is minor compared with diet and exercise. Another study suggested that longer duration of breastfeeding led to greater sustained weight loss. Not breastfeeding is associated with an increased risk of postpartum depression. In the longer term, for women in developed countries, not breastfeeding is associated with increased risks of type 2 diabetes. Breastfeeding also has broader economic and social benefits.
Health care costs for both children and mothers are increased when breastfeeding duration is suboptimal. Breastfeeding may protect against child neglect and abuse. In addition, breastfeeding helps protect the environment because it involves no use of grazing land for cows, no product transportation or packaging, and no waste. Key Recommendations.
Almost all babies should be breastfed or receive human milk exclusively for approximately six months. Breastfeeding with appropriate complementary foods, including iron- rich foods, should continue through at least the first year. Health outcomes for mothers and babies are best when breastfeeding continues for at least two years. Breastfeeding should continue as long as mutually desired by mother and child. Medical contraindications to breastfeeding are rare.
The CDC still discourages breastfeeding by HIV- positive women in the United States. HIV- positive women in areas with high rates of infant diarrhea and respiratory illness are encouraged to breastfeed exclusively for six months. When mothers and babies are treated adequately with antiviral medications, breastfeeding exclusively for six months, with continued breastfeeding for 1.
Women who have HIV who do not have access to treatment are discouraged from breastfeeding if replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable, and safe. Breastfeeding is contraindicated when the mother has human T- cell lymphotropic virus type I or type II.
Infants who have type 1 galactosemia should not be breastfed; some other inborn errors of metabolism may require feeding modification. If there are active herpes simplex lesions on the breast, the infant should not feed from that side until the lesions heal.
Mothers who have active untreated tuberculosis or active varicella in the newborn period should be separated from their babies, although the breast milk may be fed to the infant. Maternal use of drugs of abuse, antimetabolites, chemotherapeutic agents, or radioisotopes may contraindicate breastfeeding. Most maternal conditions can be treated with medications that are safe for breastfeeding.
Birthing centers and hospitals need to incorporate baby- friendly principles. Babies should be kept skin- to- skin with the mother at least until the first successful breastfeed. Perinatal care practices should support breastfeeding, optimally following the .
Family physicians and all health care professionals who regularly care for mothers and babies should be able to assist with normal breastfeeding and common breastfeeding challenges. When challenges exceed the expertise of the family physician, patients should be referred to someone with a higher level of expertise, such as an International Board Certified Lactation Consultant. Family physicians should establish a breastfeeding- friendly office, even if they do not provide maternity care. Family physicians should advocate for breastfeeding and provide education about breastfeeding throughout the course of life and for the entire family. Family physicians may provide prenatal care and labor support, deliver the infant, help in the prompt initiation and continuation of breastfeeding, and continue caring for the baby and family. Breastfeeding education and support can be integrated into these visits.
Family physicians have the unique opportunity to emphasize breastfeeding education beginning with preconception visits and continuing through prenatal care, delivery, and postpartum care, and during ongoing care of the family. Encouragement from a physician and other family members, especially the baby. While caring for a mother. Family physicians should work in their communities to advocate removal of barriers to breastfeeding. This could include overcoming cultural issues, encouraging breastfeeding- friendly workplaces, advocating for adequate paid maternity leave, and protecting the right to breastfeed in public. Medical schools and family medicine residencies should include appropriate curricula in lactation physiology and breastfeeding management so that family physicians are adequately trained to provide care to breastfeeding mothers and infants.
Medical trainees who are breastfeeding should be given support to attain their breastfeeding goals. Further information and resources may be found in the following appendices: Appendix 1: Recommendations for Clinical Management. Appendix 2: Additional Breastfeeding Considerations.
Appendix 3: Education of Medical Students and Family Medicine Residents. Appendix 4: AAFP Policies Related to Breastfeeding. Appendix 5: Resources for Family Physicians and Other Health Care Professionals. Appendix 6: National and International Breastfeeding Initiatives. Prepared by the AAFP Breastfeeding Advisory Committee. Anne Montgomery, MD, MBA, FAAFP, FABM*, IBCLC.
Saenz, MD, IBCLC, FABMTimothy J. Tobolic, MD, FABM*Fellow of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. Greer, F. R. Apple, Physicians, formula companies, and advertising. A historical perspective.
Wright, A. L., The rise of breastfeeding in the United States. Pediatr Clin North Am, 2. World Health Organization UNICEF, Innocenti Declaration on the Protection, Promotion, and Support of Breastfeeding. United States Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2. Maternal, Infant, and Child Health. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1.
Addicted to Nicorette. In the 2. 00. 0 movie Bounce, Gwyneth Paltrow's character, Abby, explains that she really isn't a smoker at heart, but has started puffing on cigarettes to help her get off the nicotine gum to which she's become addicted. The line invariably gets a laugh. But for people who feel that they really have become hooked on nicotine gum, Abby's quirky observation may hit too close to home.
In fact, 1. 5- 2 million Americans try the nicotine- laced gum each year (it was originally introduced in the U. S. And while many, thanks to the gum, have successfully kicked the tobacco habit, some seem to have weaned themselves from one nicotine habit only to pick up a new (albeit less risky) one. Most users of nicotine gum - - now sold over- the- counter under the Nicorette brand as well as several generic names - - see it as a short- term measure. Glaxo. Smith. Kline, marketers of Nicorette, advises people to .
But that guideline hasn't kept some people from chomping on it for many months and even years. In an addiction forum on the Internet, one gum user posted a familiar message describing her 1. Nicorette per day, and asking for . About half that many were chewers for six or more months.
Nevertheless, if there are serious health risks from this kind of chronic gum chomping, they haven't been identified yet. But the nicotine in the gum is delivered slowly through the mucous membranes in the mouth, and at much lower levels than the quick- hit surge of nicotine that occurs when puffing on cigarettes. At the same time, the gum does not contain any of the cancer- causing substances present in cigarettes. As for other health concerns, a caveat is usually given to pregnant and breastfeeding women, advising them to use the nicotine replacement product only on the advice of a healthcare provider. But, he adds, no studies have been done on the effects of the product early in pregnancy.
Isn't the Gum Addicting? If you've ever felt as though you were becoming hooked on nicotine gum, you might not have been imagining it. Even though the nicotine levels in the stop- smoking product is lower than in cigarettes, there could be an addictive component to its use in some individuals.
These withdrawal effects can include headaches, as well as irritability, depression, and difficulty concentrating. Nevertheless, a recent study by Hughes concluded that only a small number of long- term gum users truly meet the definition of addiction or dependence, which includes an inability to control their use of the gum. Many more could stop, he says, but are choosing to use the gum for months or years because of their fear of slipping back into cigarette use. Some say to me, 'If there's even a 1. I'm going to return to smoking without the gum, I'm going to keep using it.'. But it may take some of them a lot longer than others..